The book
Author's surname, first letter of first name. Year of publication. Title of the work (in italics). The edition of the work as it appears in the book. Place of publication: publisher.
The e-book is marked as the same way as the printed book, but with the addition of the permanent address and the reference date:
Author's surname, first letter of first name. Year of publication. Title of the work (in italics). Edition (if other than the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Available: permanent address. Referenced dd.dd.yyyy.
Article
Article in edited book
Author's surname, first letter of first name. Year of publication. Title of the article. At first letter of the editor's first name. Editor's surname (ed.) Title of the edited work (in italics). Publication place: Publisher, page numbers of the whole article.
Journal article
Surname of the author of the article, first letter of the first name. Year of publication. Title of the article. Name of the journal. Volume, number, page numbers of the whole article.
The availability and reference date information, i.e. the permanent address of the article, the so-called DOI-address, and the reference date is added to the electronic article.
Examples of printed book
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. 2018. Principles of marketing. 17th edition. Harlow: Pearson.
Belcher, W. L. 2019. Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success. Second edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Examples of e-book
Kyngäs, H., Mikkonen, K., Kääriäinen, M., Kyngäs, H., Mikkonen, K. & Kääriäinen, M. 2020. The application of content analysis in nursing science research. Cham: Springer. Available at: https://www-vlebooks-com.ezproxy.centria.fi/Product/Index/1911291?page=0&startBookmarkId=-1. Accessed 14.3.2025.
Tissue, B. M. 2023. Basics of analytical chemistry and chemical equilibria: A quantitative approach. Second edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Available at: https://www.ellibslibrary.com/book/9781119707356. Accessed 14.3.2025.
Example of printed article
Larsson, C. & Georgii-Hemming, E. 2019. Improvisation in general music education – a literature review. British journal of music education, 36(1), 49–67.
Example of e-article
Risley-Curtiss, C., Rogge, M. E. & Kawam, E. 2013. Factors Affecting Social Workers' Inclusion of Animals in Practice. Social work (New York), 58(2), 153–161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swt009. Accessed 14.3.2025.
Examples of blogs, reports etc.
Report
Korhonen, S., Malkamäki, M., Hiilamo, H. 2025. Finland's Governance Model for the Wellbeing Economy Proposals for action in national-level decision-making. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare. Report 6/2025. Available at: https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-408-470-3. Accessed 7.4.2025.
Blog
Afrane, Y. O., Virtanen, Ilpo. 2025. How start-ups and small and medium enterprises are driving economic future in developing countries. Oamk Journal, blogi. Available: https://oamkjournal.oamk.fi/2025/how-start-ups-and-small-and-medium-enterprises-are-driving-economic-future-in-developing-countries/. Accessed 7.4.2025.
Examples of webpages
The Finnish Parliament. Visit Parliament. Available at: https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/naineduskuntatoimii/vierailulle_eduskuntaan/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 7.4.2025.
Police. 2025. Data protection and processing of personal data. Available at: https://poliisi.fi/en/data-protection-and-processing-of-personal-data. Accessed 7.4.2025.