Publisher's Guide

It is good practice to use references in expert articles. By using sources, the author demonstrates knowledge of the subject, sets writing in context and compares findings with what has been written before. You can search for sources of literature and articles, e.g. on Centria-Finna. 

The source should always be cited when quoting someone else's or your own previously published text. The source is cited both within the text and in the list of references. The information in the text citation and in the list of references must match so that the reader can find the source used in the list of references. 

As a rule, a reference is used in the text, with the author's surname, the year of publication and the page or pages used in brackets. If the reference is to the whole work or if there are no page numbers in the work, they are not indicated.  

The reference should indicate which part of the text is based on the source. A dot outside the brackets indicates that the reference is to the preceding sentence, while a dot inside the brackets indicates that the reference is to the whole paragraph.  

Sources used should be listed in alphabetical order (usually by author). If the work has no author, the name of the work or the publisher should be entered in the list of references. 

Sources include the bibliographic information necessary to locate the publication. 

Sources used in written work are cited as textual references according to the commonly used Harvard style name-year reference system. In the reference system, the reader can immediately see to whom the text is referring, the year of the text and the page number(s). A text reference is a short reference in brackets to a more detailed source in the list of references.

Examples
Torkki (2007, 106) looks at how a speaker can persuade his audience.
A rhetorically skilled speaker is able to take the audience into account (Torkki 2007, 35).

The citation technique is always used when quoting a text written by someone else. The text is referenced using the author's surname, the year of publication, a comma and the page or pages used. Where the source is referred to in full, page numbers are not used. Not all electronic sources have page numbers, in which case they are not indicated.

In general, the text is quoted indirectly, i.e. what is read from the source is written in own words and the reference is given immediately after the text. The citation must indicate which part of the text is based on the source. The place of the dot in the reference indicates which part of the text has been quoted (Centria Guide for Thesis and Academic Writing.)